Looking for ways to cut energy costs? New, more energy-efficient water heaters are flooding the modern marketplace. High on the list are water pump water heaters.
This article series starts an exploration of heat pump water heaters.
What is a heat pump water heater?
A heat pump water heater, or HPWH, uses surrounding air to heat water. It takes in air, heats it to a higher temperature and then channels that air into a water tank to heat the water. The HPWH can be a stand-alone unit, or it can be retrofitted on a water tank.
The Geothermal Heat Pump
The most common type of HPWH is a geothermal heat pump. 
The geothermal heat pump uses heat from the ground during the winter months. During the spring and summer months it uses heat from the surrounding air.
Controls
Most units come with control panels displaying multiple operating options. Below is a list of possible modes listed on the control:
- Efficiency/Economy mode: will only use the heat pump to heat water when hot water is needed
- Electric/Heater mode: Least efficient option, this will only use the electric element to heat water
- Vacation/Timer mode: typically referred to as “sleep” mode, this is not on all HPWH models,
- Auto/Hybrid mode: this is a default setting for everyday use of sustained heat
How the HPWH Works
The HPWH is a far more efficient way to heat household water because it using air already present in the environment. A common analogy to explain how a HPWH works is a refrigerator. The refrigerator is designed to expel heat and create a cold place. In a similar way, the HPWH pulls in heated air, internalizes it, heats it to a desired temperature and uses that air to heat water for the household’s benefit.
Common HPWH Problems and Solutions
Winter Issues
One of the most common problems with a HPWH is icing up, especially in the winter time. The outside unit will often be covered with frost or maybe even a thin layer of ice. This is completely normal. When everything is working properly, the device has a built-in defrosting system that will help to take care of this problem. However, say the unit is covered in a thick layer of ice, or maybe the coils are surrounded by ice, and in a worst case scenario, the entire unit is completely covered in thick ice and heavy snow. All those problems could obstruct the transfer of heat from inside to the outside refrigerant which would continue to delay the HPWH functions. If this is left untreated, this could severely damage the unit beyond repair.
Here are a few ways to troubleshoot this problem before having to call in an expert:
- See if your unit is activating its defrosting system
- Make sure the outside fan is working properly
- Check that the refrigerant level is where it is supposed to be
- Inspect the outdoor unit for obstructions, like ice or snow
- Make sure there is no water leaking onto the unit from gutters or other places
Never chip away at the ice.
This could damage the fan coils in the device. Instead, use water to melt the ice. Try removing what may be blocking the air flow– like snow or ice. If the HPWH still won’t function, then it is time to call in the professionals to help sort it out.
Summer Issues
We explained above what to do when your HPWH starts icing up in the winter. 
You may find, however, that your HPWH is icing up in the summer months. If this happens, do not waste any time and call a professional right away. If the HPWH is icing up in the summer, there is a problem with the device itself and it should be looked at immediately.
Another common problem is when the HPWH is constantly running in the summer months. During winter, it may appear to be running all the time, however this is how the device was designed. The HPWH is not designed to consistently run during the warmer months, when the temperature is above thirty degrees. This could mean there is a serious service problem, such as:
- leaky refrigerant
- icing issues
- a problem with the compressor
- pump is too small for the household needs
- improper insulation of exterior HP
- unit is dirty and needs a good cleaning
Whichever the case, in a situation like this, it is best to call in an HVAC professional to help sort all this out.
HPWH: a great choice
Whatever other measures you take to help with energy efficiency, purchasing a HPWH is an excellent choice. Give us a call today to find out how we can help!